Mussolini invaded which country in 1935

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This represented a contradiction in Italian thought: the Ethiopians were somehow both dangerously backwards and dangerously modern. The conquest of Ethiopia also represented an opportunity for a laboratory of fascism. As Mussolini consolidated control and looked outward for territorial gains, he wished to avoid mass domestic dissent.

This was especially true of desired social engineering projects, an important aspect of distinctly Fascist totalitarianism De Grand If Italian attempts to dictate society from the top-down and it stirs unrest in Ethiopia, the trouble could be avoided completely in Italy.

Finally, liberal arguments indicate that the League of Nations was constructed so that Mussolini knew that other powers costs of compliance were higher than the cost of cheating the rules. Therefore, the League of Nations must have been a poorly constructed institution. Italy recognized that Britain and France viewed Italy as necessary to constrain nascent German power Robertson There was no recourse for these powers, so the British and French decided to cheat the rules, which the Italians recognized and took advantage of Keohane Neorealism emerged as a modification of realism, which was based on the work of Hans Morgenthau.

Neorealists argue that anarchy, the lack of a central world government is the source of conflict between states. States are the primary actors in the anarchical world and try to maximize relative power to ensure survival. The security dilemma means that cooperation is difficult but possible ; states are often concerned about cheating or loss of relative power that can hurt its survival and would rather not take the risk of cooperation Mearsheimer b.

The neorealist view of the balance of power and interstate cooperation is relevant to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. This projection of power would serve as a deterrent, such that other states did not dare to threaten Italian security. Neorealists also recognize that Mussolini correctly perceived the weakness of the international system.

Jervis argues that for cooperation to occur, the costs of cooperation must be made lower than the costs of cheating; Mussolini would have recognized that there was no recourse for cheating the collective security agreement Jervis This would raise the cost of cooperation further, and Italy knew it had free rein to project its power De Grand The major flaw with neorealism, in this case, is its homogenization of states; all states are expected to act the same because they possess the same overriding interest in survival.

It is also important that liberalism does not reject that the main concern of states is survival, but it does leave room for ideological considerations. There are sufficient domestic drivers of the invasion of Ethiopia to validate the observations of liberalism. Mussolini needed to create a certain public spirit that would rally around fascism, which a glorious quest of righteous conquest could foster.

Without this spirit, the Fascist regime risked perceptions of illegitimacy as its authoritarianism turned into intrusive totalitarianism. To further assist in avoiding this dissent, the Italians could use Ethiopia as a testing ground for racialist totalitarian policies. In this way, the Fascist regime could be legitimized and consolidated with little to no domestic costs.

The conduct of the Italians does not square with the arguments of neorealists. The initial invasion of Ethiopia was met with apathy if not quiet support from the League of Nations, especially Britain and France.

The point at which Italy faced repercussions on the international stage was when the League learned of the brutality of the campaign.

If the invasion had solely been about gaining power, the Italians would have refrained from this action. By committing unnecessary acts of brutality, Italians led to a decrease in their own security, as their economic and political power by sanctions and ostracization from Britain and France.

Neorealism offers important insights into the behavior of Britain, France, and the League of Nations. With a miniscule arsenal of outdated artillery and anti-tank or aircraft guns, and a handful of planes including some piloted by African Americans and other volunteers, the Ethiopian nation was poorly prepared for the second Italian invasion. By contrast, Italy learned lessons from its earlier defeat. By it had sent twelve Italian infantry divisions, approximately six hundred and eighty-five thousand troops to the Italian colonies surrounding Ethiopia.

Italy also recruited additional soldiers from those colonies. Beyond that, they also had heavy artillery, ground and air vehicles, and extensive supplies.

The war began on October 3, , when General Emilio De Bono marched his troops over the Mareb River into Ethiopia before Italy officially issued a declaration of war. Emperor Selassie instead declared war on Italy, but the invading forces advanced rapidly into northern Ethiopia, taking both Adigrat and Adowa by October 6. A war might unite the Italian people behind their leader and make them forget their domestic problems.

Rome had once led an empire that dominated the world. But that was long ago and now other European powers had empires Britain, France or wanted them.

Hitler came to power in , begun to rearm Germany and looked to re-unite Germany with Austria. Italy had tried and failed to conquer Abyssinia in